U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
BUREAU FOR HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE (BHR)
OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA)
SUDAN - Complex Emergency
Situation Report #2, Fiscal Year (FY) 2001    September 28, 2001


Note: This Situation Report updates USAID/OFDA Situation Report #1 dated
August 3, 2001.

BACKGROUND

The current phase of Sudan's civil war began in 1983 with fighting between
the Government of Sudan (GOS) and the Sudan People's Liberation
Army/Movement (SPLA/M).  The conflict widened in 1991 when fighting
erupted between SPLA factions in areas of the South.  The 18-year civil
war in Sudan persists on numerous fronts in both southern and northern
areas of the country, while civilians throughout the South and the
transitional zone (i.e., southern Kordofan and southern Blue Nile)
continue to be adversely affected by forced displacements due to the
continued fighting and GOS aerial bombings.  Opposition groups are also
fighting the GOS in eastern Sudan.  Since 1999, oil drilling and
exploration in western Upper Nile, as well as piping crude oil to the Red
Sea for export, has further increased displacement of the affected
populations.

The ongoing insecurity and population displacements have not only
destroyed most of the indigenous trading and production systems, but
continue to be major impediments to relief efforts.  Operation Lifeline
Sudan (OLS), established in 1989 in response to the conflict-related
famine in the South, is a tripartite agreement of negotiated access among
the GOS, the SPLM, and the United Nations (U.N.).  Under this framework, a
consortium of U.N.  agencies and more than 40 international and indigenous
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide emergency relief and
rehabilitation assistance in Sudan.  In addition, more than ten
international NGOs provide humanitarian assistance outside of the OLS
framework.

An estimated two million people, nearly 8% of the country's population,
have died from war-related events, including fighting, famine, and disease
since 1983.  Sudan has experienced three periods of famine over the last
13 years; Bahr el Ghazal in 1988-1989 and 1998, and Upper Nile in
1992-1993.  USAID/OFDA has been active in Sudan since 1987, addressing
emergency needs of the war and drought-affected populations, both within
and outside the OLS framework.

Sudan has experienced periodic and seasonal flooding, mostly along the
White and Blue Nile Rivers, since data on disasters has been collected.
The humanitarian community has responded with emergency assistance to
flood- affected victims in 1976, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1996, and 1998.  Heavy
rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands typically causes rising river levels,
especially along the Blue Nile, to negatively impact populations further
along the Nile in Sudan.  In Khartoum, fast moving water from the Blue
Nile often blocks the slow waters of the White Nile, causing significant
flooding along the White Nile.  Torrential rains and flash floods, while
not as devastating to populations in Sudan as rising river levels, have an
adverse effect on the humanitarian situation as well.  Historically,
flooding in Sudan has an adverse effect on crop production.  Rising river
levels and flash floods often destroy crops and aggravate an already
precarious food security situation in drought-affected areas.


NUMBERS AFFECTED AT A GLANCE
SOURCE


Complex Emergency-Related Deaths (since 1983)
Total: 2,000,000
U.S. Committee for Refugees

Internally Displaced Persons (since 1983)
Total: more than 4,000,000
Greater Khartoum: more than 2,000,000
Transitional zone and southern areas: more than 1,200,000
2001 United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Sudan 

War-Affected Persons (since 1983)
Total: more than 4,500,000
U.S. Committee for Refugees

Drought-Affected Persons (2001)
North: more than 900,000 people in Darfur, Kordofan, and Red Sea State
South: more than 200,000
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(UNOCHA)

Sudanese Refugees (2001)
440,300 - Total
183,300 - Uganda
 75,000 - Ethiopia
 70,000 - Democratic Republic of the Congo
 54,000 - Kenya
 35,000 - Central African Republic
 23,000 - Chad
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)



Total FY 2001 USAID Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$74,868,073

Total FY 2001 USDA Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$76,900,000

Total FY 2001 State/PRM Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$9,624,208

Total FY 2001 USG Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$161,392,281




CURRENT SITUATION

Flooding along the Nile:  According to the Government of Sudan's (GOS)
Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC), heavy rains and above normal Nile
levels have completely destroyed 2,240 houses in 56 villages in ten
states.  UNOCHA reported on September 13, 2001 that flooding in Sudan had
affected 97,000 people.  Nile floods have affected Khartoum, River Nile,
and Sennar states, while flash floods have affected Kassala, South and
West Darfur, Gezira, Gedarif, White Nile, and North Kordofan states.  On
August 10, 2001, the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent (IFRC) issued an appeal to help support on-going relief work for
flood victims and for contingency measures in anticipation of severe
flooding along the Blue Nile.  IFRC has identified non-food relief items
in short supply, such as plastic sheeting, cooking sets, chlorine tablets,
and water jugs.

Drought in Kordofan, Darfur, and Red Sea State:  According to UNOCHA,
drought conditions in North and West Darfur, Kordofan, and the Red Sea
State provinces of Sinkat, Rural Port Sudan, and Halaeib have directly
affected more than 900,000 people.  Beginning in May 2001, emergency food
distributions to the drought-affected areas have stabilized grain prices,
and reduced migration to urban centers in Kordofan and Red Sea State, and
to a lesser extent in Darfur.

Before July 30, 2001, cumulative rainfall totals continued to be well
below the historic average.  However, in August, recent rainfall has
caused severe flooding, but will not, in the short-term, alleviate drought
conditions in Darfur, Kordofan, and Red Sea State.

Internal Displacement and Health Concerns from Fighting in Bahr el Ghazal:
NGO reports estimate that, in early July 2001, more than 30,000 people
were displaced from the fighting in Raja, and an additional 28,000 from
the SPLA attack on Diem Zubier.  A majority of the Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs)  have settled in the town of Ad Daein or in four GOS
sponsored IDP camps; El Firdos, Gimeza, Ghabat el Niem, and Radom.
UNOCHA reactivated the Emergency Response Team (ERT) in Khartoum in order
to enhance cooperation and coordination of NGOs both in Khartoum and South
Darfur.

Recent assessments in the newly controlled SPLA areas of western Bahr el
Ghazal indicate that, while the food security situation is relatively
stable, there is growing concern that the health system is in urgent need
of support.  Military activity, especially in Raja, forced health workers
to flee and damaged primary health care facilities.

Nuba Mountains:  In late May 2001, the GOS started shelling the town of
Kauda, which has the only airstrip open and available for humanitarian
relief flights in opposition areas of the Nuba Mountains.  Recent reports
from isolated areas of the Nuba Mountains indicate severe food shortages
following poor harvests and major displacement due to recent Government of
Sudan (GOS) offensives

The civilian population in the Nuba Mountains remains cut off from any
trade, while continued fighting has destroyed any attempt at recovery.
The area remains outside of OLS mandate, making humanitarian access risky.
The impact on the local population has been devastating: over the years
many people have died and even more have been forced to migrate to
northern urban centers in search of food and shelter.  Primary health
care, potable water, and long-term food security are humanitarian needs
that continue throughout the Nuba Mountains.

Insecurity and Health Concerns in Upper Nile:  The 2001 World Food
Program's (WFP) annual needs assessment indicated that the population in
western Upper Nile, where crude oil exploration is concentrated, faces
serious food insecurity.  Additionally, civil strife in the oil rich
areas, is currently more intense than at any other time in the last
decade.  The fighting has forced the movement of 60,000 IDPs and their
cattle to marginal areas and into northern Bahr el Ghazal.  WFP's annual
needs assessment indicated that agricultural activities in many affected
areas have been abandoned, food stocks left behind or destroyed, and other
local coping mechanisms, such as fishing, wild food collection, and trade,
severely affected.

On July 20, 2001, WHO and UNICEF confirmed that in Ruweng County, western
Upper Nile, the first P1 wild Poliovirus had been isolated since the 1998
start of the polio eradication program in southern Sudan.  Due to
insecurity in the area, OLS flight access is prohibited.  However, due to
significant health concerns, OLS has made an emergency request to the GOS
for flight clearance to the affected area, but permission has not been
granted to date.

Ongoing Civil Strife in Southern Blue Nile:  An SPLA force entered
southern Blue Nile initially in 1988, later withdrew, then re-entered in
1997, and the SPLA has maintained control of some areas ever since.
Northern parts of the state continue to be an active zone of conflict,
with periodic media reports of attacks by GOS troops on civilian targets.
Humanitarian access to southern Blue Nile has been denied by the GOS and
the area is outside the mandate of OLS.



CONSTRAINTS TO HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

Insecurity: Due to insecurity in many parts of Sudan, relief organizations
frequently evacuate their staff.  In March, four Adventist Development and
Relief Agency (ADRA) staff members -- two Kenyans, one Ugandan, and a
Sudanese -- were abducted and two vehicles were stolen during an attack by
Nuer militia in Kiechkuon, eastern Upper Nile.  The relief workers were
held for more than 33 days before being released in Khartoum.

Aerial Bombings: On June 11, 2001, the GOS announced that it was resuming
aerial bombing of targets in southern Sudan, including the Nuba Mountains.
This statement came just 17 days after the GOS announced that they would
suspend all aerial bombings in the South.

Access Limitations: At any given time, numerous locations may be closed by
U.N. security or denied flight clearance by the GOS.  There is significant
concern that GOS flight denials are restricting OLS access to parts of
western Upper Nile where population displacement around the oil fields is
increasing.  Access to the Nuba Mountains and southern Blue Nile, areas
outside the OLS mandate, remains extremely limited.

Visa Requirements: Although the GOS has the legal right to require visas
inside its border, the U.N. is engaged in a process of discussions so that
any new administrative requirements do not become over- burdensome such
that they constrain the delivery of humanitarian assistance.


USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

USG policy on the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Sudan, outlined
in the 2000-2002 Integrated Strategic Plan for Sudan, has focused on the
war and drought- affected populations in non-GOS held areas of southern
Sudan, as well as the war-affected population in GOS- controlled areas of
Sudan.  Recently, the U.S.  Department of State amended this policy,
allowing humanitarian assistance to both war and drought- affected
populations in government-held areas.

In May 2001, President Bush named USAID Administrator Andrew S. Natsios as
Special Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan.  The role of the Special
Humanitarian Coordinator includes increasing stability in war and
drought-affected areas, improving the delivery mechanisms of humanitarian
assistance, coordinating USG assistance, coordinating external relations
with other donors, and increasing attention on human rights abuses.  In
response to this appointment, Administrator Natsios formed a Sudan Task
Force to effectively manage the day-to-day implementation of these goals.
USAID Administrator Natsios, along with USAID/OFDA Director Roger Winter
and other USG officials, recently traveled to Sudan to address
humanitarian issues with the GOS, visit drought- stricken areas of
northern Sudan, and assess the humanitarian situation in southern Sudan.

On September 6, 2001, President Bush appointed former Senator John
Danforth to be his Special Envoy to Sudan.  Danforth, an ordained
Episcopalian minister, will lead a renewed effort to find peace in Sudan
and to promote development in the country.

USAID/OFDA's funding focuses primarily on health care and food
security--incorporating capacity-building and self-reliance--as well as a
geographic focus on areas of critical need.  USAID/OFDA programs target
children, vulnerable groups, war-affected, drought- affected, and IDPs.
In FY 2001, USAID/OFDA expects to increase funding beyond FY 2000 levels,
expanding programs in areas which have been historically underserved by
the international relief effort (e.g., Nuba Mountains, Upper Nile,
Southern Blue Nile).

On August 30, 2001, a USAID/OFDA-funded humanitarian relief flight
successfully delivered eight metric tons of wheat to the SPLM-controlled
area of the Nuba Mountains, an extremely remote region that has been
effectively cut off from international assistance.  The flight, which
indicates an improved coordination effort between the USG, GOS, and SPLA/M
on humanitarian issues, is a direct initiative following USAID
Administrator Natsios and USAID/OFDA Director Winter's recent trip to
Sudan and represents the first official bilateral delivery of food to the
Nuba Mountains.

On August 23, 2001, the U.S. Chargé d'Affaires to Sudan declared a
disaster due to severe flooding throughout northern Sudan.  USAID/OFDA
responded to the disaster declaration with the provision of $25,000 to
IFRC in support of their appeal to the flood-devastated regions of
northern Sudan.  USAID/OFDA's Africa Regional Office (ARO) in Nairobi,
Kenya, which includes personnel in Khartoum, is closely monitoring the
situation.

In FY 2001, emergency food commodities were provided by USAID's Office of
Food for Peace (USAID/FFP) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's
Foreign Agriculture Service (USDA/FAS).  In FY 2001, including FY 2000
carry-over funding, USAID/FFP has provided more than 78,000 metric tons
(MT) of P.L. 480 Title II emergency food commodities, valued at more than
$49 million.  USAID/FFP food commodities were provided to World Food
Program (WFP), ADRA, CARE, CRS, NPA, LWR, and DIA for war and
drought-affected populations, including IDPs, in both government and
rebel-held areas.  In FY 2001 to date, USDA has provided more than 89,000
MTs of Section 416(b) food valued at more than $76 million.  USDA food
commodities were provided to WFP.

Humanitarian relief to Sudanese refugees living in neighboring countries
is another important component in the delivery of USG humanitarian
assistance to Sudan.  In FY 2001, in addition to funding earmarked to
provide assistance to Sudanese refugees, the Department of State's Bureau
of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM) provided more than $107
million in assistance for refugees and conflict-affected victims in
Africa, unearmarked by country.  Of this total, $60 million was provided
to UNHCR towards its global appeal for Africa, and ICRC received $47.2
million for its emergency appeal in Africa



SUMMARY OF USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO SUDAN

Agency
Implementing Partner
Sector
Regions
Amount

FY2001 (to date)
USAID1 	$74,868,073
USAID/OFDA  	$25,457,073



Southern Sector Programs

ADRA
Primary Health, Food Security
Upper Nile
$200,251


ARC
Primary Health
Eastern Equatoria
$1,006,778


ARC
HIV/AIDS
Southern Sudan
$1,786,000


ACROSS
Primary Health
Bor
$300,000


CARE
Food Security
Bor County
$737,495


CARE/SMC
Primary Health
Bor County
$343,285


CMA
Primary Health
Upper Nile
$495,955


CONCERN
Food Security
Bahr el Ghazal, Southern Kordofan
$1,948,157


CRS
Wat/San
South Kordofan
$219,450


CRS
Primary Health, Food Security
Eastern Equatoria
$759,628


FAO
Food Security
Southern Sudan
$1,000,000


GOAL
Primary Health
Bahr el Ghazal, S. Blue Nile
$1,000,000


IRC
Primary Health Care
Southern Sudan
$2,224,003


IAS/MEDIC
Wat/San
Bahr el Ghazal
$275,800


MEDAIR
Food Security, Relief
Upper Nile
$379,155


NPA
Repatriation and Resettlement
Eastern Equatoria, Bor County
$812,331


NPA
Food Security
Eastern Equatoria
$1,493,019


NPA
Health
N. Bahr el Ghazal
$193,217


NPA
Food Distribution
Bahr el Ghazal
$967,834


SAMARITAN'S PURSE
Food Security
South Kordofan
$498,092


SC/US
Primary health
five provinces in South Kordofan
$450,000


SC/US
Food Security
South Kordofan
$853,870


SCF/UK
Food Security, Relief
Bahr El Ghazal, Upper Nile
$459,862


UNHABITAT
Infrastructure
Equatoria, Lakes
$382,850


UNICEF
Multi-Sectoral
Southern Sudan
$1,497,523


VSF/B
Food Security
Upper Nile, Bahr El Ghazal
$350,000


VSF/G
Food Security
Bahr el Ghazal
$300,000
Northern Sector Programs


ACF
Primary Health
Equatoria
$405,959


ACF
Nutrition
Bahr el Ghazal
$400,000


ADRA
Nutrition
Greater Khartoum
$87,335


CARE
Primary Health
Greater Khartoum
$1,437,129


CARE
Food Security
Unity
$249,998


CARE
Primary Health
Khartoum
$449,275


CARE
Food Security
Kordofan
$400,097


FAO
Food Security
Darfur and Kordofan
$200,000


GOAL
Primary Health
Malakal
$319,380


IFRC
Flood Relief
Northern Sudan
$25,000


IFRC
Food Security
Northern Sudan
$244,040


IRC
Primary Health, Wat/San
Upper Nile
$267,019


IRC
Emergency Sanitation
South Darfur
$132,793


SCF/UK
Emergency Shelter
Darfur
$250,000


SCF/UK
Nutrition
Darfur
$500,047


SCF/UK
Primary Health
Darfur
$173,365
Administrative Support


USAID/AFR/SD
Technical Assistance and Mitigation
Washington, DC
$600,000


USAID/Khartoum
Programming Support
Khartoum
$157,081


USAID/OFDA
Food Security Technical Assistance
Washington, DC
$224,000

USAID/FFP	$49,411,000


ADRA
7,780 MT of Food Assistance
Greater Khartoum
$3,134,200


CARE
5,010 MT of Food Assistance
Greater Khartoum
$3,700,000


CRS
12,410 MT of Food Assistance
Eastern Equatoria
$10,600,000


DIA
3,620 MT of Food Assistance
Kassala
$76,800


NPA
6,370 MT of Food Assistance and Contingency Stocks
Southern Sudan
$4,900,000


WFP
43,053 MT of Food Assistance (soy fortified sorghum grits, sorghum, wheat
flour, vegetable oil, corn soy blend, lentils, non-fat dried milk)
All
$26,000,000
USDA	$76,900,000


WFP
89,200 MT of Food Assistance (wheat,
corn, vegetable oil)
All
$76,900,000
State/ PRM 	$9,624,208


IFRC
Refugee Operations
Sudan
$65,000


IRC
Refugee Operations
Kenya
$1,534,076


IRC
Refugee Operations
Uganda
$400,000


LWF
Refugee Operations
Kenya
$1,254,835


LWF
Refugee Operations
Uganda
$730,297


UNHCR
Refugee Operations
Sudan
$950,000


WFP
Sudan Emergency Operation (EMOP)
Sudan
$300,000


WFP
Uganda Protracted Refugee and Relief Operation (PRRO) for Sudanese
  Refugees
Uganda
$850,000


WFP
Ethiopia PRRO for Sudanese and Somali Refugees
Ethiopia
$1,140,000


WFP
Kenya PRRO for Sudanese and Somali Refugees
Kenya
$2,400,000
Total USG FY 2001	$161,392,281




1 USAID funding figure includes international disaster assistance funding
from USAID/OFDA and USAID/FFP and does not reflect development assistance
funding provided through USAID's Africa Bureau.

2 Indicates USAID/OFDA funding that has been either committed and/or
obligated as of September 4, 2001.  Additional USAID/OFDA FY 2001 funding
is expected.

3 State/PRM figures include only Sudan-specific funding, and do not
include unearmarked funding for UNHCR and IFRC Africa programs.  For more
information on regional assistance through State/PRM, see "USG
Humanitarian Assistance" above.



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