Central Asia - OFDA-31: 03-May-02

U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BUREAU FOR DEMOCRACY, CONFLICT, AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (DCHA) OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA) CENTRAL ASIA TASK FORCE CENTRAL ASIA REGION - Complex Emergency Situation Report #31, Fiscal Year (FY) 2002 May 3, 2002

Note: this Situation Report updates previous Central Asia Task Force Situation Reports and Fact Sheets. BACKGROUND Two decades of war in Afghanistan, including a decade-long Soviet occupation and ensuing civil strife, left Afghanistan impoverished and mired in an extended humanitarian crisis. Government infrastructure, including the ability to deliver the most basic health, education, and other social services, collapsed. Severe restrictions by the Taliban, including a restriction on women working outside the home, added to the impact of poverty, particularly on the many households lacking able-bodied adult men. A devastating regional drought compounded the crisis, drying up wells, parching agricultural land, killing off livestock, collapsing rural economies, and eventually exhausting the coping mechanisms of many ordinary Afghans, forcing them to leave their homes in search of food and water. International relief agencies, with support from the United States (U.S.), have long been active in providing humanitarian assistance to the Afghan people, even during the restrictive years of the Taliban. On October 7, 2001, a Coalition-led military campaign against al-Qaeda and Taliban forces began, and by December 2001, the Taliban had collapsed. The new Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) was sworn in on December 22, 2001, increasing humanitarian access to the country and beginning the process of reconstruction. Tens of thousands of refugee and internally displaced families have started to return to their homes to assist in the rebuilding. The U.S. Agency for International Development's Disaster Assistance Response Team (USAID/DART), which began its emergency coordination work in response to the regional drought in June 2001, continues to assess the humanitarian needs of vulnerable Afghans, and to monitor the relief programs of its implementing partners. Afghanistan: Numbers at a Glance Total population (CIA Factbook) 26,813,057 Refugees Since January 1, 2002 (UNHCR) Pakistan 60,000 Iran unknown Old Caseload Refugees (UNHCR) Pakistan 2,000,000 Iran 1,500,000 Refugee Returns Since January 1, 2002 (UNHCR) Pakistan (spontaneous) 180,000 Pakistan (voluntary assisted since March 1) 400,000 Iran (spontaneous) 61,000 Iran (voluntary assisted since April 9) 26,500 Tajikistan / Pyandj River (voluntary assisted) 8,918 Tajikistan (voluntary assisted) 146 Turkmenistan (voluntary assisted) 18 Internally Displaced (UNDP/OCHA) Total as of February 20, 2002 920,000 north and northeast 500,000 south and west 420,000 Internally Displaced Returns Since January 1, 2002 (IOM) To Kabul (spontaneous) 64,750 To northeast (spontaneous) 117,000 To Shomali Plain from Panjshir Valley (voluntary assisted) 8,000 from Kabul (voluntary assisted) 14,625 To Bamiyan (voluntary assisted) 1,300 From Herat (voluntary assisted) 43,660 From Mazar-e-Sharif (voluntary assisted) 39,722 From Bamiyan (voluntary assisted) 7,000 From Jalalabad (voluntary assisted) 4,000 From Spin Boldak (voluntary assisted) 585 FY 2001/2002 U.S. Government (USG) Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan* $561,058,031 FY 2001/2002 USG Humanitarian Assistance to Tajikistan $88,208,180 CURRENT SITUATION Overview. The Loya Jirga process continued this week in 35 more districts. Turkey announced it would assume command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in June. Factional fighting erupted in northern Afghanistan and in Paktia Province. Heavy rains in northern Takhar Province caused a mudslide in the village of Tin Gorni, killing 30 people. The World Food Program (WFP) began rapid assessment missions by helicopter in remote areas of the central highlands. More than half a million Afghan refugees and internally displaced person (IDPs) have been assisted in returning home this year. The U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is sending an assessment mission to the Spin Boldak-Chaman border crossing area. Efforts are being made to increase monitoring and treatment of tuberculosis to prevent drug resistance. Political/Military. The first phase of the Loya Jirga process continued this week, bringing to 46 the number of assemblies (shuras) convened to select district representatives. Over the coming weeks, each of the county's 381 districts will hold shuras. These representatives will in turn meet at the end of May in nine regional centers across the country to select their district's delegation to the Loya Jirga, to be held June 10-16 in Kabul. Eventually, 1,051 Afghans will be chosen to attend the Loya Jirga, with an additional 450 seats reserved for various Afghan institutions and groups. Under the Bonn Agreement, the Loya Jirga will determine a two-year transitional government until elections are held. On May 1, Turkey announced an agreement had been reached for it to assume command of ISAF for six months, taking over leadership from the United Kingdom. The date for the transition has not yet been decided, but will likely take place after the June Loya Jirga meeting. According to the announced agreement, Turkey does not intend to expand the ISAF beyond Kabul. A spokesman for ISAF announced on April 29 that the U.S. military is setting up training camp on the outskirts of Kabul to prepare up to 18,000 Afghans over the course of 18 months to serve in a multi- ethnic national Afghan army. The NGO Physicians for Human Rights reported this week the possible presence of a mass grave (site with multiple burials) dating from around the time of the fall of the Taliban near the northern city of Mazar-e- Sharif in Balkh Province. There has been no confirmation of this report. The U.N. team investigating possible mass graves in Bamiyan Province will visit several sites near Mazar-e-Sharif in the coming days, according to a spokesman for the U.N. Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). Security. On April 30, fighting erupted between rival warlords in northern Afghanistan. At least six people were killed in the clashes. The clashes began in the towns of Sar-e-Pul and Shulgara, near the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif, where fighters loyal to Abdul Rashid Dostum engaged fighters loyal to Atta Mohammed. Both men are AIA defense ministry commanders. On May 2, UNAMA announced that following UNAMA and AIA intervention, the generals had reached a truce and agreed to establish a new Security Commission for Mazar-e-Sharif. They also re-affirmed their previous agreement to create a 600- person police force comprised of individuals from various warring factions, and to prohibit the carrying of weapons in Mazar-e-Sharif. On April 27, factional fighting in Gardez, Paktia Province killed 25 people when soldiers loyal to Padshah Khan Zadran fired more than 200 rockets on the city. Zadran had been appointed governor of Paktia Province three months ago by AIA Chairman Hamid Karzai, but was replaced when he clashed with another local warlord in Gardez. The current governor, Taj Muhammad Wardak, has reportedly given Zadran 10 days to take part in negotiations or face reprisal. The fighting has disrupted the schedule of Loya Jirga shura meetings around Gardez. There were also reports of fighting in the Qara Bagh district of Ghazni Province. On May 1, four people involved in the selection process for the Loya Jirga were injured when their vehicle struck a landmine in Khost Province. Also on May 1, attackers fired a rocket at the building where U.S. forces searching for al-Qaeda members in Miranshah, about nine miles from the Afghanistan border in northwestern Pakistan, were sleeping. The rocket missed and no one was injured. Coalition forces have reportedly begun a new offensive this week, dubbed Operation Snipe, aimed at remnant al-Qaeda and Taliban in southeastern Afghanistan. On May 2, two rockets exploded near the airport at Khost, where some U.S. forces are reportedly based, without causing casualties. UNAMA reports that while all major roads are now open for U.N. travel, banditry is affecting access on some roads, particularly in the southwest. There are also security restrictions when traveling on the Kabul-Kandahar road and the Kabul-Jalalabad road, due to unconfirmed threats against U.N. and western staff. Criminality is reportedly increasing in the north, in Kandahar, in Jalalabad, and on the outskirts of Kabul. Mudslide. According to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the region, heavy rains this week in northern Takhar Province caused a mudslide in the village of Tin Gorni, located between Taloqan and Rostaq north of the Kocha River, killing 30 people, destroying the homes of 400 families, and burying surrounding cultivated land. More than 100 of the affected families have left the village for Deshta Qala and other areas. Several NGOs, including USAID/OFDA partners Concern and Shelter for Life, have been assessing immediate needs and coordinating relief efforts with local authorities. Flood. According to UNAMA, on April 23 the heaviest rains in five years in Badghis Province caused flooding in Qala-i-Naw and Ab Kamari districts, killing six people. Some 500 homes and shops, and 4,300 hectares of agricultural land were destroyed. In Qala-i-Naw and eight surrounding villages, the flooding affected some 3,000 people and washed out local roads. This week, 1,745 flood victims received a benefit package of two-week supply of food, potable water, water containers, and blankets. Those left homeless are living with friends, relatives, or neighbors, and tents have not been requested. UNAMA reports that humanitarian assistance in the region is sufficient to meet any further relief needs. Food Aid and Logistics. Since October 2001, WFP, with support from USAID, has delivered 440,183 MT of food into Afghanistan, of which 350,319 MT has been distributed throughout the country, assisting some 6.6 million Afghans. WFP has conducted more than 60 rapid assessment missions in Afghanistan over the past few weeks. The findings indicate an increased need for food aid in the pre-harvest hunger period of April, May and June. WFP reported that malnutrition persists, the sale of household assets continues, and more children are being pushed into the labor market to support their families. WFP's target is to provide 275,000 MT of food assistance to an estimated nine million people until the harvest in July. This week, WFP began rapid assessment missions in the central highlands, using helicopters operating out of a base in Bamiyan town. On May 1, WFP reached Daikundi District in northern Uruzgan Province with plans to visit 10 vulnerable villages in the area, following reports from local elders of a serious humanitarian situation. Further assessments in more isolated areas of the district were planned throughout the week. WFP, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the AIA Ministry of Agriculture are conducting a nationwide crop assessment in May and June to determine the area of land planted and to estimate likely harvest outputs. While livestock will be part of this survey, a more comprehensive survey of livestock conditions will take place in the autumn. IDPs and Refugees. UNHCR, the AIA, and the NGO community are preparing for the anticipated return this summer of more than 1.2 million Afghan refugees and IDPs. According to UNHCR, more than 435,000 Afghans have been assisted in returning home in the nine weeks since UNHCR and the AIA began their voluntary repatriation program in coordination with neighboring governments. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reports more than 135,00 IDPs have also taken part in assisted returns. UNHCR reported that 14 repatriation centers are now open across Afghanistan providing assistance to returnees, with four more expected to open next week. Although these centers were opened in conjunction with the voluntary repatriation program, spontaneous returnees are also permitted to receive startup packages of humanitarian assistance from the centers. UNHCR reports that more than 400,000 Afghans have returned from Pakistan since its program began March 1, exceeding in just two months UNHCR's planning figure for returns from Pakistan for the whole year. Ninety percent of the returnees pass through the Takhtabaig voluntary repatriation center near Peshawar, Pakistan. An estimated 40 percent are destined for urban centers in Afghanistan, with roughly three in every four returnees going back to Nangarhar and Kabul provinces. There are three official border-crossing points, at Nawa Pass and Torkham in the north and Spin Boldak in the south. According to UNHCR, more than 26,500 Afghans have returned from Iran through the northern Islam Qala crossing point at Dogharun since its program began on April 9. An estimated half of the returnees are traveling to Herat Province, around 20 percent to Kabul, and the remainder to Ghazni, Kunduz, Loghar and Wardak provinces. The Milak-Zaranj border crossing in the south remained closed, although UNHCR reported this week that the crossing is anticipated to open on May 4. Working with UNHCR, IOM has started the assisted voluntary return of Afghans living in Tajikistan. On May 2, the first IOM convoy transporting some 146 returnees crossed the border into Afghanistan at Nizhny Panj. Last week, IOM completed the return to Kunduz Province of 8,918 Afghans who had been living on the islands in the Pyandj River bordering Tajikistan. On April 30, UNHCR, in cooperation with IOM, began assisting IDPs from Kabul to return home to Bamiyan Province. Approximately 1,300 people returned home this week. Returnees to the central Bamiyan highlands receive a winterization package, as the weather is still cold and many houses were damaged or destroyed by war. In Herat, IOM has assisted 43,660 IDPs from Maslakh, Shaidayee, Rawzabagh, and Minarets IDP camps to return to their homes in Herat and Badghis provinces. An additional 23,000 IDPs are scheduled to return over the next two weeks. IOM is setting up a transit camp in Chest-e-Sharif, in western Herat Province, to assist more than 16,000 IDPs from Maslakh camp to begin returning to their homes in Ghor Province. In Mazar-e-Sharif, IOM has assisted 39,722 persons to return to their homes in several provinces across northern Afghanistan. Returns to Sar-e-Pul Province this week were cancelled due to factional fighting in the area. >From the central Bamiyan Province, some 7,000 mostly ethnic Hazara Afghans have returned to 13 villages in the Shaighan Valley, Baghlan Province since April 22, following a campaign to clear area villages of land mines and unexploded ordnance. In Jalalabad, UNHCR has assisted more than 5,500 IDPs from Hesar Shahi camp near Jalalabad to return to their villages in Nangarhar, Laghman, and Kabul provinces. Hesari Shahi has been home to more than 24,000 IDPs for the last three years. Last week some 585 IDPs left the southeastern border town of Spin Boldak for Ghazni and Paktika provinces, despite continuing reports of instability in parts of these provinces. UNHCR announced that an assessment mission will travel to the Spin Boldak-Chaman border area on May 2. There are still 40,000 Afghans waiting in no man's land to enter Pakistan, some of whom are reportedly refusing what limited assistance is available in protest of their conditions. UNHCR is working with authorities on both sides of the border to resolve the crisis. UNHCR is providing a package assistance to those waiting who wish to return their homes in Afghanistan. A survey of families in the waiting area revealed that nearly half are ethnic Pashtuns originating from northern Afghanistan, and about 30 percent of the total number would be willing to return to their homes if helped to do so. Meanwhile, for those Afghans who cannot or do not want to return home, UNHCR is considering relocation to several new sites in Kandahar. Health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has begun a "Stop Tuberculosis (TB)" campaign, having identified TB treatment and monitoring as a serious problem. As Afghan refugees and IDPs return to their homes, existing health structures cannot ensure continued treatment for identified TB caseloads, thus increasing the likelihood that limited treatment without follow-up may contribute to the disease becoming drug resistant. The U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) reports that acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance capacity is now back to levels that reach international standards in all parts of the country. USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE Background. On October 4, 2001, Assistant Secretary of State for South Asian Affairs Christina B. Rocca redeclared a complex humanitarian disaster in Afghanistan for FY 2002. To date, FY 2001 and FY 2002 USG humanitarian assistance for Afghans is provided by USAID/OFDA, Food for Peace (USAID/FFP), Democracy & Governance (USAID/DG), Office of Transition Initiatives (USAID/OTI), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of State's Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (State/PRM), Department of State's Humanitarian Demining Program (State/HDP), the Department of State's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (State/INL), the Department of Defense (DOD), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The assistance is for displaced persons inside Afghanistan and Afghan refugees in neighboring countries. On March 26, 2002, U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan Robert P. Finn issued a disaster declaration due to the earthquake in Baghlan Province. USAID/OFDA responded by providing an additional $25,000 in Disaster Assistance Authority to ACTED, one of many USAID-funded grantees that are providing humanitarian assistance to the affected population. In Tajikistan, on October 10, 2001, U.S. Chargé d'Affaires James A. Boughner declared a disaster due to drought, and requested funds for a seed and fertilizer distribution program. USAID/OFDA responded by providing $998,180 through the U.S. Embassy to Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE) for the purchase and distribution of winter wheat seeds and fertilizer. USAID/OFDA ASSISTANCE Personnel. USAID/OFDA currently has one Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) based in Kabul to assess humanitarian activities and logistical capacity in the region. USAID/DART members coordinate with the humanitarian relief community and assess the humanitarian situation. USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO CENTRAL ASIA USG AGENCY IMPLEMENTING PARTNER ACTIVITY REGION AMOUNT AFGHANISTAN - COMPLEX EMERGENCY FY 2002 USAID/OFDA Airlifts and OFDA Relief Commodities Procurement and/or transport of blankets, plastic sheeting, tents, kitchen sets, medical kits, wheat bags, high energy biscuits, and sugar $4,178,994 AirServ Air Transporation Services $1,574,756 ACTED Nahrin earthquake response Baghlan $25,000 ACTED Food, non-food items Northeast $5,500,000 ACTED IDP camp management Baghlan $630,000 ACTED Livelihoods, agriculture, emergency rehab Takhar, Baghlan, Shamali, Kabul, and Faryab. $750,000 CARE Water/sanitation, agricultural rehabilitation, shelter All $3,537,035 Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Non-Food Items for 200,000 people Central Highlands $988,087 Church World Service Transport of non-food items $49,902 Concern Worldwide Distribution of seeds & tools, rehabilitation of agricultural infrastructure, income generation activities Badakshan, Baghlan, Takhar, Bamiyan provinces $1,737,318 Concern Worldwide Shelter-repair 5,000 homes Northeast $1,203,343 Field Support Operational support for DARTs in Central Asia Region $1,859,083 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Seed multiplication, procurement, and distribution $1,095,000 FAO Agriculture, seed multiplication $300,000 FAO Manual locust eradication program North $260,000 FAO Security surveillance, water resource management, farm power, & spring seed distribution All $2,500,000 FOCUS / Aga Khan Seed multiplication, water supply rehabilitation, and complementary food distribution Bamiyan, Baghlan, and Balkh $1,436,134 GOAL Food, shelter, water, sanitation, winterization Samangan and Jowzjan provinces $5,500,000 GOAL Emergency shelter, water and sanitation, non-food-items for IDPs, locust eradication Samangan $600,000 GOAL Emergency agricultural, potable water and sanitation rehabilitation, and shelter repair Samangan and Jowzjan provinces $1,000,000 International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) Seed multiplication, technical assistance for see procurement and regulation All $2,525,000 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Food, non-food items All $2,500,000 International Organization for Migration (IOM) Food, non-food items Badghis, Faryab, Balkh provinces $562,313 IOM Distribution of charcoal for cooking and heating fuel Herat, Kunduz, and Faryab $1,069,760 International Medical Corps (IMC) Primary health care Herat $735,000 IMC Primary health care Bamiyan, Wardak, Parwan $3,500,000 International Rescue Committee (IRC) Food, potable water, well rehabilitation North $3,650,000 IRC Medical, public health, education & self-help programs in camps and urban settings Balkh, Ghor $3,250,104 International Resource Group (IRG) Food Augmentation Team $614,820 Mercy Corps Food, water, non-food items South, Central $2,000,000 Mercy Corps Rehabilitation of wells & agriculture infrastructure, seed multiplication Nimroz, Helmand, Kandahar, Uruzgan, Takhar, Kunduz & Baghlan $3,000,308 UNOCHA Coordination All $2,500,000 UNICEF Water, sanitation All $2,500,000 UNICEF Nutrition, health, water, sanitation All $1,650,000 UNCHS (Habitat) Cash-for-work rehabilitation of public areas, solid waste removal Kabul, Kandahar, Mazar-e-Sharif $382,850 Save the Children (SC)/US Support Assessment Mission South, West $93,467 SC/US Nutrition North $206,488 SC/US Food, health Central and North $2,000,000 SC/US Spot reconstruction, cash-for-work, and medical clinic rehabilitation Faryab, Sar-e-Pul $3,262,312 Shelter for Life (SFL) Cash-for-work road reconstruction & emergency home repair for returning IDPs Kunduz & Takhar $1,294,550 SFL Shelter Herat $130,000 Solidarites Rehabilitation, agricultural revitalization Balkh, Bamiyan, Samangan $1,739,115 Tufts University Assessment Mission South, West $201,868 World Food Program (WFP) Food - 15,000 MT, processing, transport $6,000,000 WFP Emergency road repair Turkmen border $300,000 WFP Purchase of trucks for food delivery $5,000,000 WFP Joint Logistics Center $2,000,000 WFP Logistics support equipment and services All $2,500,000 Total FY 2002 USAID/OFDA $89,892,607 USAID/FFP WFP Airlift from Quetta, Pakistan to Osh, Kyrgyzstan $2,000,000 WFP 31,050 MT Lentils and vegetable oil $25,418,500 WFP 36,000 MT Wheat $15,900,000 WFP 72,700 MT Food commodities $38,555,000 WFP 24,320 MT Food commodities $18,600,000 Total FY 2002 USAID/FFP $100,473,500 USAID/OTI Voice of America Radio program $187,820 IOM HEAR bulletin and radios $1,500,000 IOM Community reconstruction $8,095,631 Internews Media/journalist training $998,720 RONCO Small grants/operations support $3,000,000 UNDP UNDP Trust Fund in support of the Interim Afghan Administration $500,000 Total FY 2002 USAID/OTI $14,282,171 STATE/HDP HALO Trust Demining program $3,300,000 UNICEF Mine awareness program $700,000 UN Mine Action Program Demining equipment $1,000,000 RONCO UXO experts $2,000,000 Total FY 2002 State/HDP $7,000,000 USDA WFP 40,000 MT of Food commodities $22,500,000 Total FY 2002 USDA $22,500,000 STATE/PRM ICRC Emergency Appeal $10,100,000 ICMC Support for Afghans in Pakistan $515,304 IFRC Emergency Appeal $4,000,000 IOM Support for Refugees and IDPs $4,800,000 IOM Emergency Appeal $2,000,000 IOM Support for Refugees and IDPs $1,000,000 IRC Operational Support $231,248 Mercy Corps Support for Afghans in Pakistan $376,781 Mercy Corps Operational support $162,775 Save the Children/US Health services for Afghan refugees $1,833,251 UNDP Support for Information Systems $500,000 UNOCHA Donor Alert for Afghans Program $2,125,000 UNOCHA Coordination of activities (communications, IT, security) $1,000,000 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Special Program for Afghanistan $500,000 UNHCR Emergency Appeal $30,000,000 UNHCR Support for returning Afghan refugees $20,000,000 UNICEF Back-to-school campaign $2,000,000 UNICEF Emergency Relief $4,000,000 WFP Operations/Logistics Support $4,000,000 WFP Coordination and Support Services $1,500,000 WHO Basic health for returning Afghans $1,000,000 Total FY 2002 State/PRM ** $91,644,359 DOD Airdrop of 2,423,700 Humanitarian Daily Rations (HDRs) $50,897,769 Total FY 2002 DOD $50,897,769 Total FY 2002 USG Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan $376,690,406 TAJIKISTAN - DROUGHT FY 2002 USAID/OFDA CARE Purchase and distribution of winter wheat to 36,000 people $998,180 Total FY 2002 USAID/OFDA $998,180 USAID/FFP WFP 35,000 MT wheat flour $20,000,000 Total FY 2002 USAID/FFP $20,000,000 Total FY 2002 USG Humanitarian Assistance to Tajikistan $20,998,180 FY 2001/ FY 2002 SUMMARY Total USG Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan for FY 2001* $184,367,625 Total USG Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan for FY 2002 $376,690,406 Total USG Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan for FY 2002/2001 $561,058,031 Total USG Humanitarian Assistance to Tajikistan FY 2001 $67,210,000 Note: FY 2001 USG assistance to Tajikistan included assistance through USAID/OFDA, USAID/FFP, USDA, the Department of State, and Freedom Support Act funds administered through a variety of agencies. Total USG Humanitarian Assistance to Tajikistan FY 2001/2002 $88,208,180 *Note: Detailed breakdowns of FY01 and FY02 assistance are available in previous Central Asia Region situation reports. **Note: State/PRM contributions include funding obligated to international organizations and NGOs in FY02, as well as new contributions to UN partners announced on April 2. distributed by - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Center for International Disaster Information Volunteers in Technical Assistance web: www.cidi.org listserv: www.cidi.org/listsub.htm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Central Asia www.cidi.org/humanitarian/hsr/centralasia