U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
BUREAU FOR DEMOCRACY, CONFLICT, AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (DCHA)
OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA)
SUDAN - Complex Emergency
Situation Report #4, Fiscal Year (FY) 2002    May 10, 2002


Note: This Situation Report updates USAID/OFDA Situation Report #3, FY02
dated March 6, 2002.

BACKGROUND

Sudan's 18-year civil war between Government of Sudan (GOS) military and
militia forces and mostly southern Sudanese rebel groups, including the
Southern Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) has adversely affected
Sudanese populations along the traditional North/South divide and
transitional zones (i.e. the Nuba Mountains, Southern Blue Nile).
Populations in the South and transitional areas continue to be adversely
affected by forced displacements due to the continued fighting, raiding,
and GOS aerial bombings.  Since 1999, GOS military operations aimed at
securing oil drilling and exploration has further increased displacement
of the affected populations in the Nuba Mountains and western Upper Nile.

The humanitarian consequences of the nearly two-decade old conflict have
been staggering.  Since 1983, more than 2 million civilians have died from
war-related events, including fighting, famine, and disease, and an
additional 4 million people have been internally displaced by the
conflict, the largest displaced population in the world.  Sudan has
experienced three periods of famine over the last 13 years; Bahr el Ghazal
in 1988-1989 and 1998, and Upper Nile in 1992-1993.

In response to the 1988-1989 Bahr el Ghazal famine, the United Nations
(U.N.) established Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS), a tripartite agreement
of negotiated access among the GOS, the SPLM, and the U.N.  Under this
framework, a consortium of U.N. agencies and more than 40 international
and indigenous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) provide emergency
relief and rehabilitation assistance in Sudan.  In addition, more than ten
international NGOs provide humanitarian assistance outside of the OLS
consortium.  USAID's Office of U.S.  Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)
has been active in Sudan since 1987, addressing the humanitarian needs of
the war and drought-affected populations, both within and outside the OLS
framework.

Sudan: Numbers at a Glance
Source

Complex Emergency-Related Deaths (since 1983)
Total: 2,000,000
U.S. Committee for Refugees

Internally Displaced Persons (since 1983)
Total: more than 4,000,000
Greater Khartoum: more than 2,000,000
Transitional zone and southern areas: more than 1,200,000
2002 United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for Sudan
Drought-Affected Persons (2001)
North: more than 289,000
South: more than 200,000
International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

Sudanese Refugees (2002)
442,500 - Total
155,400 - Uganda
84,200 - Ethiopia
70,000 - Democratic Republic of the   Congo
68,200 - Kenya
34,000 - Central African Republic
30,000 - Chad
700 - Eritrea
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)


Total FY 2002 USAID/OFDA Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$32,615,967

Total FY 2002 USAID/FFP Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$38,246,178

Total FY 2002 USDA Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$10,900,000

Total FY 2002 State/PRM Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$2,200,000

Total FY 2002 USG Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$83,962,145




CURRENT SITUATION

Western Upper Nile (Unity State): Over the course of Sudan's 18-year civil
war, the months prior to the rainy season have been a time of increased
military activity along the North-South divide.  Recent reports from UN
OCHA and NGOs indicate that serious military engagement between GOS and
SPLA forces in Western Upper Nile has displaced civilians in a large area
of Western Upper Nile.  The current fighting, around the oil drilling and
exploration operations, has largely depopulated civilians around Ruweng,
Nimne, Rubkona County and Leer.  International NGOs have estimated that
the conflict has already depopulated more than 50% of the civilians in
Western Upper Nile, many of whom have fled to the south and west.

WFP's Annual Needs Assessment (ANA), conducted in October 2001, estimated
that more than 153,000 beneficiaries were in need of humanitarian
assistance in Western Upper Nile.  However, with the current dry season
offensive, the number of civilians in need of both food and non-food
humanitarian assistance is now more than 200,000.  Immediate humanitarian
intervention is critical because May-June is the beginning of the hunger
gap and the forthcoming rainy season, historically, restricts the ability
to deliver humanitarian assistance to Western Upper Nile.

Northern Bahr el Ghazal:  According to international humanitarian
organizations, new military activity in previously stable, highly
populated areas of northern Bahr el Ghazal is causing displacement and
increasing the need for a substantial humanitarian intervention.
According to UN OCHA, on April 19, 2002, the GOS began a large military
offensive out of Wau in two directions, north towards Gogrial and
southeast towards Tonj.  WFP's ANA estimates that more than 120,000
civilians are in need of humanitarian assistance in the Gogrial area.

Humanitarian access to these populations, as well as the affected
population in Western Upper Nile, will depend on GOS flight clearances for
May.  GOS flight denials increased significantly in March and April,
significantly exacerbating the humanitarian situation.  The current
increased military operations by both the GOS and SPLA, widespread
civilian displacement in northern Bahr el Ghazal and Western Upper Nile,
and restricted humanitarian access due to GOS flight denials, mirrors the
pattern of events that led to the humanitarian catastrophe in Bahr el
Ghazal in 1998.

Eastern Equatoria: According to WFP, the military offensive by the Ugandan
People's Defense Force (UPDF) against the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), in
Eastern Equatoria, could prompt the return of 3,000 to 5,000 children
abducted by the LRA from northern Uganda.  WFP and UNICEF have prepared a
contingency humanitarian response for these ex-LRA child combatants.  UN
agencies, including UN OCHA, are also preparing for internal displacement
in Eastern Equatoria and an influx of Sudanese refugees into northwestern
Uganda if the offensive goes badly.

On April 22, 2002, UNICEF indicated that these clashes threaten to uproot
families and prevent civilians from accessing health care, clean water,
and education services in Eastern Equatoria.  Humanitarian access to
Eastern Equatoria, via OLS, is limited due to GOS flight denials.

Nuba Mountains: Implementation of the Nuba Mountains cease-fire agreement,
signed by both the GOS and SPLA, began on January 22, 2002.  Since then,
the Joint Military Commission (JMC) has deployed to the region to assist
the disengagement and redeployment of GOS and SPLA forces, monitoring the
six-month cease-fire, and clearing of relief flights.  On April 19, 2002,
an advance team from the U.S. State Department's Office of Humanitarian
Demining Programs went to the region to assist with deployment plans for a
quick reaction demining force to Sudan to conduct mine clearance
operations in the Nuba Mountains.

Recent reports indicate that the cease-fire continues to hold, and that
people are moving freely between GOS and SPLM areas.  In an indication of
increased safety and security in the area, reports indicate that civilians
who migrated to large urban areas, such as Khartoum, El Obied and Madani,
are returning to the Nuba Mountains.  Vaccination campaigns by NGOs and
the GOS Ministry of Health, have responded to an outbreak of Meningitis,
primarily affecting unvaccinated civilians from SPLM areas.

Northern Drought:  Information from the North Darfur Early Warning Food
Security Group indicates that more than 426,000 people in North Darfur
require food assistance during the critical hunger months (June-
September) this year as a result of successive drought years as well as
structural problems.  The North Darfur state government estimates that
this year's cereal deficit will total more than 104,000 metric tons (MT).

Disease Eradication and Surveillance:  On April 1, 2002, officials from
UNICEF, WHO and OCHA condemned the detention last month of 14 polio
vaccination workers in Sudan as a major setback to the polio eradication
campaign.  Reports indicate that Sudanese relief workers near the GOS
garrison in Malakal, Upper Nile were detained and beaten by SPLA forces
due to their unauthorized movement from GOS to SPLA areas.  Polio
eradication is one aspect of U.S. Special Envoy Danforth's initiative to
establish periods of tranquility for special disease eradication programs
in war-torn areas of southern Sudan.


CONSTRAINTS TO HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

Humanitarian Access:  The United Nations has condemned the Government of
Sudan's (GOS) decision to deny access to 43 locations in southern Sudan
for the month of April, which prevents 1.7 million people from receiving
humanitarian assistance.  This is the second consecutive month that the
GOS has denied such a high number of locations.  On average, more than 25
locations are denied by the GOS every month.  This recent increase has
significantly reduced the delivery of humanitarian assistance to southern
Sudan's civilian population, especially in Western Upper Nile.  The May
2002 list of GOS denied locations is expected in the near term.

On April 25, 2002, the UN Special Envoy for Humanitarian Affairs for
Sudan, Ambassador Tom Vraaslsen, called upon both the GOS and SPLA to lift
all flight bans so that humanitarian organizations can provide food and
non-food items to civilian populations in need of humanitarian assistance.

Aerial Bombings:  The agreement to Protect Civilians and Civilian
Facilities from Military Attack, signed by both the GOS and SPLA on March
29, 2002, should have a positive humanitarian impact in southern Sudan,
and particularly in Upper Nile and Bahr el Ghazal.  Southern Sudan's
civilian population has been devastated by the conflict, particularly by
GOS aerial bombardments, and the agreement, if implemented, would remove a
significant security concern affecting the delivery of humanitarian
assistance in southern Sudan.  However, the agreement to protect civilians
may not be effective until the agreed monitoring system is established.

Insecurity:  Due to the active military conflict in parts of southern
Sudan, insecurity remains a significant constraint to the delivery of
assistance.  OLS security officials closely monitor the security situation
to ensure the safety of humanitarian staff.  The current dry season
offensive in Western Upper Nile and northern Bahr el Ghazal is causing OLS
security to evacuate staff from numerous locations.


USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

In May 2001, President Bush named USAID Administrator Andrew S. Natsios as
Special Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan (SHCS).  The role of the
Special Humanitarian Coordinator includes increasing stability in war and
drought-affected areas, improving the delivery mechanisms of humanitarian
assistance, coordinating USG assistance, coordinating external relations
with other donors, and increasing attention on human rights abuses.  In
response to this appointment, Administrator Natsios formed a Sudan Task
Force to effectively manage the day-to-day implementation of these goals.
Administrator Natsios, marking the one-year anniversary of his appointment
as SHCS, is scheduled to visit Sudan in late May.

On September 6, 2001, President Bush appointed former Senator John
Danforth to be his Special Envoy for Peace to Sudan.  Senator Danforth has
put forth a series of initiatives to test the seriousness of the main
combatants about peace, including sustained peace in the Nuba Mountains,
periods of tranquility for special humanitarian programs, the cessation of
GOS aerial bombardments of civilian and humanitarian targets, and the
establishment of a Sudan slavery and forced abduction commission.
Special Envoy Danforth will soon submit his report to the White House.

Within the framework of the Integrated Strategic Plan for Sudan, USAID has
identified programmatic priorities for fiscal year 2002.  These priorities
include:  multi-sectoral emergency assistance to war-affected populations,
increasing support to war-affected populations in under-served geographic
areas (i.e. Nuba Mountains, Upper Nile, Southern Blue Nile, and eastern
Sudan), increasing support for IDP/refugee returns, continuing to support
drought and flood recovery in northern Sudan, and responding quickly to
negotiated humanitarian access agreements.

USAID/OFDA, as well as USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP), provide
humanitarian assistance under the guidelines of the Integrated Strategic
Plan and outlined programmatic priorities.  The United States Department
of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of State's Bureau of Population,
Refugees, and Migration (PRM)  provide additional USG humanitarian
assistance to Sudan.  In FY 2002, USAID's Africa bureau is managing the
development portion of the Sudan Integrated Strategic Plan in
opposition-held areas of the country, with planned levels of $11.4 million
in development assistance and $4 million in Economic Support Funds.

On October 15, 2001, U.S. Chargé d'Affaires Raymond Brown renewed the
disaster declaration for FY 2002 for Sudan.  The US Mission in Sudan has
declared disasters due to complex emergencies since 1987.





SUMMARY OF USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO SUDAN

Agency
Implementing Partner
Sector
Regions
Amount

FY 2002 (to date)
USAID (1)   $70,862,145
USAID/OFDA (2)   $32,615,967

Southern Sector Programs

ACF
Nutrition Surveillance
Southern Sudan
$353,388

ADRA
Primary Health, Animal Health
Upper Nile
$1,090,000

ARC
Primary Health, Wat/San
Eastern Equatoria
$1,386,044

CARE
Food Security, Primary Health
Jonglei
$1,732,854

CMA
Primary Health
Upper Nile
$540,355

CONCERN
Food Security
Southern Sudan
$1,400,000

CONCERN
Livelihoods
Southern Sudan
$605,286

CRS
Primary Health, Food Security
Southern Sudan
$2,139,838

FAO
Food Security, Coordination
Southern Sudan
$750,000

GOAL
Primary Health
Bahr el Ghazal, Southern Blue Nile
$1,160,427

IAS/MEDIC
Wat/San
Southern Sudan
$837,100

IRC
Primary Health, Livestock, Agriculture
Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile
$2,350,000

IRC/Tearfund
Food Security, Nutritional Surveillance, Health Education
Bahr el Ghazal
$322,209

MEDAIR
Food Security, Relief
Upper Nile
$535,000

NPA
Food Security
Eastern Equatoria, Lakes
$2,118,748

Samaritan's Purse
Food Aid, Agriculture
Southern Sudan
$1,059,723

SCF/UK
Food Security, Relief
Bahr El Ghazal, Upper Nile
$603,303

SCF/US
Primary Health
South Kordofan
$858,740

UNICEF
Multi-Sectoral
Southern Sudan
$2,500,000

World Vision
Non-Food Items
Upper Nile
$476,908

VSF/B
Animal Health
Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile
$350,000

VSF/G
Animal Health
Bahr el Ghazal, Eastern Equatoria
$735,000
Northern Sector Programs

ACF
Primary Health
Bahr el Jebel, Bahr el Ghazal
$857,275

ADRA
Primary Health, Wat/San
White Nile
$709,591

CARE
Primary Health, Food Security
Khartoum, Darfur
$2,404,199

FAO
Livestock, Coordination
Jonglei
$400,000

GOAL
Health
Kassala
$345,116

IRC
Food Security
Southern Sudan
$209,937

IRC
Primary Health, Wat/San
Upper Nile
$495,243

MEDAIR
Primary Health
Western Darfur
$222,015

SCF/US
Primary Health, Wat/San, Agriculture
Southern Kordofan
$710,949

UNICEF
Primary Health, Nutrition
Bahr el Ghazal
$300,000

UNOCHA
Coordination
Sudan
$250,000

WFP
Logistics
Sudan
$300,000
Administrative Support

USDA
Technical Assistance
Washington, D.C.
$400,000

USAID/ARO
Technical Assistance
Southern Sudan
$364,337

USAID/Khartoum
Technical Assistance
Khartoum
$257,382

USAID/Washington
Technical Assistance
Washington, DC
$485,000


USAID/FFP   $38,246,178

ADRA
1,810 MT of Title II emergency food assistance
White Nile
$867,700

CRS
12,010 MT of Title II emergency food assistance
Eastern Equatoria
$10,215,500

NPA
6,140 MT of Title II emergency food assistance
Southern Sudan
$5,562,978

WFP
24,000 MT of Title II emergency food assistance
Sudan
$21,600,000

USDA/FAS	$10,900,000


WFP
15,000 MT of Section 416 (b) food assistance
Sudan
$10,900,000


State/ PRM (3)   $2,200,000

UNHCR
Refugee Operations
Sudan
$2,200,000


Total USG Humanitarian Assistance in FY 2002 (to date)   $83,962,145


1 USAID funding figure includes international disaster assistance funding
provided by USAID/OFDA and USAID/FFP and does not reflect $11.4 million in
development assistance funding and $6.5 million in Economic Support Funds
provided through USAID's Africa Bureau.

2 USAID/OFDA funding indicates committed and/or obligated amounts as of
May 1, 2002.  Additional USG humanitarian assistance will be reported as
it becomes available.

3 State/PRM figures include only Sudan-specific funding, and do not
include unearmarked funding for UNHCR and IFRC Africa programs.



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