U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
BUREAU FOR DEMOCRACY, CONFLICT, AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (DCHA)
OFFICE OF U.S. FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA)
Sudan - Complex Emergency
Situation Report #5, Fiscal Year (FY) 2002    August 14, 2002


Note: This Situation Report updates USAID/OFDA Situation Report #4, dated
May 10, 2002.

BACKGROUND

For more than 19 years, the Sudanese population has been negatively
impacted by humanitarian events, largely associated with the civil war
between Government of Sudan (GOS) military and militia forces and mostly
southern Sudanese opposition groups, including the Southern Peoples
Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A).  Since 1983, more than two million
people have died from war-related events, including fighting, famine, and
disease, and more than four million people have been displaced due to the
continued fighting, raiding, and GOS aerial bombings.  Sudan has
experienced three periods of famine over the last 13 years; Bahr el Ghazal
in 1988-1989 and 1998, and Upper Nile in 1992-1993.  Since 1999, GOS
military operations aimed at securing oil drilling, exploration, and
exploitation has further increased displacement of the affected
populations in the Nuba Mountains and Western Upper Nile.

In response to the 1988-1989 Bahr el Ghazal famine, the United Nations
(U.N.) established Operation Lifeline Sudan (UN/OLS), a tripartite
agreement of negotiated access among the GOS, the SPLM, and the U.N.
Under this framework, a consortium of U.N. agencies and more than 40
international and indigenous non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
provide emergency relief and rehabilitation assistance in Sudan.  In
addition, due to frequent and repeated denial of access by the GOS, more
than ten international NGOs provide humanitarian assistance outside of the
UN/OLS consortium.  USAID's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance
(USAID/OFDA) has been active in Sudan since 1987, addressing the
humanitarian needs of the war and drought-affected populations, both
within and outside the UN/OLS framework.

Since 2001, through President George W. Bush's appointment of USAID
Administrator Andrew Natsios as Special Humanitarian Coordinator and
former U.S. Senator John Danforth as Special Envoy for Peace, the United
States Government (USG) has been at the forefront of serious and sustained
negotiations between the GOS and SPLA to increase humanitarian access to
war-affected areas, and to support the peace process.  This involvement
has led to a formal cease-fire agreement for the Nuba Mountains, a
framework for the cessation of attacks against civilians, the
establishment of periods of tranquility, and an international inquiry on
slavery in Sudan.

NUMBERS AT A GLANCE                    SOURCE

Complex Emergency-related         U.S. Committee for Refugees
Deaths (since 1983)

Total: More than 2,000,000



Internally Displaced Persons      2002 United Nations Consolidated
(IDPs)                            Inter-Agency Appeal for Sudan

Total: More than 4,000,000
Greater Khartoum: More than 2,000,000
Transitional zone and southern areas:
More than 1,500,000
Garrison Towns: More than 300,000


Sudanese Refugees                 United Nations High Commissioner
                                  for Refugees (UNHCR)
442,500 - Total
155,400 - Uganda
 84,200 - Ethiopia
 70,000 - Democratic Republic of the   Congo
 68,200 - Kenya
 34,000 - Central African Republic
 30,000 - Chad
    700 - Eritrea


Total FY 2002 USAID/OFDA Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$37,777,885

Total FY 2002 USAID/FFP Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$59,784,378

Total FY 2002 USDA Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$38,900,000

Total FY 2002 State/PRM Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$2,600,000

Total FY 2002 USG Humanitarian Assistance to Sudan (to date)
$139,062,263



CURRENT SITUATION

Western Upper Nile

The government has denied humanitarian access to UN/OLS for most locations
in SPLM areas in Western Upper Nile region since late February 2002.  The
combination of heavy GOS-SPLA fighting, lack of access by humanitarian
organizations, and large displacement of populations is of great concern.
According to UN OCHA, between 150,000 and 300,000 people were displaced in
Western Upper Nile from January to April 2002.

In late June 2002, the GOS approved a five-day UN/OLS operation for
emergency assistance to five locations in SPLM/A areas of Western Upper
Nile.  The five-day operation delivered 1,500 metric tons of food and
essential non-food items.  However, this was not sufficient to meet the
humanitarian needs of the affected population, and the area remains
extremely vulnerable to food insecurity.


Nuba Mountains

In June 2002, a USAID-funded tractor, engaged in humanitarian activities,
ran over a landmine in the Nuba Mountains, killing six people and wounding
several others.  Investigations to determine if the landmine was newly
laid have not been conclusive, but the incident raises concerns about the
sharing of information between security organs and humanitarian
operations.

Until late May 2002, GOS procedural delays in new flight arrangements into
the Nuba Mountains severely restricted the delivery of humanitarian
assistance to the Nuba population in SPLM areas.  However, since late May
2002, the Joint Military Commission (JMC) has assumed responsibility for
flight authorizations into the Nuba Mountains and humanitarian assistance
has been arriving on a timely basis.

The GOS and SPLM agreed to extend the Nuba Mountains cease-fire agreement
for six months, starting June 20.  The signing of the original agreement
on January 19, has decreased the threat of military attack on the Nuba
population, enhanced population movement in the area, and increased the
return of some IDPs from government-held areas.


Peace Negotiations

On July 20, following five weeks of negotiations under the auspices of the
Sudan Peace Committee of the regional Inter-Governmental Authority on
Development (IGAD) in Machakos, Kenya, the GOS and SPLM signed a
significant framework for a peace agreement.  The "Machakos Protocol"
addresses two of the most contentious issues; recognizing the right to
self- determination for southern Sudanese and agreeing to the relationship
between state and religion.

On July 27, 2002, following the progress made in Machakos, Kenya,
President Omar el-Beshir and SPLM/A Chairman John Garang met in Kampala,
Uganda to demonstrate the commitment of both the GOS and SPLM to the peace
process.  In a joint communiqué following this first ever meeting between
the two leaders, both el-Beshir and Garang underscored "the need to
reinforce the peace process by rallying popular support behind it and
building national consensus on a comprehensive political settlement."

On August 12, peace talks resumed between the GOS and SPLM in Machakos,
Kenya.  The scheduled five weeks of negotiations are intended to further
work out details for a comprehensive political settlement to the nearly
two-decade old war.  The international community is cautiously optimistic
that the two sides can reach a comprehensive peace agreement.


Humanitarian Access

Since February 2002, access by international agencies to civilians in need
has eroded due to increased flight denials by the GOS.  In June 2002, the
government cleared six organizations to work in five locations for five
days in Western Upper Nile?the region of greatest need.  This level of
humanitarian access, dictated by the GOS, is far short of what is needed
and puts several hundred thousand displaced people at risk.

U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan visited Khartoum from July 10 to July
11, and met with the President and Foreign Minister of Sudan, U.N. staff,
and non- governmental representatives.  Following the visit, the GOS
agreed to increase humanitarian access to opposition areas in southern
Sudan, but 24 locations remain explicitly denied, cutting off thousands of
vulnerable people from humanitarian assistance.

On June 27 and 28, in Geneva, Switzerland, USAID convened a meeting of
eight donor countries and the U.N.  to seek consensus on coordinated donor
actions to improve humanitarian access.  USAID convened a second meeting
on July 29, to further coordinate humanitarian access issues in Sudan.


Attacks Against Civilians

On June 23, international NGOs reported that GOS aircraft bombed the town
of Malual Kon in Bahr el Ghazal.  Four Sudanese civilians were killed in
the attack.  According to U.N reports, on June 26 and June 29, Sudanese
military aircraft bombed the town of Ikotos in Eastern Equatoria.  Four
Kenyan construction workers were injured at the Catholic Bishop's compound
in Ikotos during the first attack.  An international advocacy organization
for the protection of civilians indicated that more than 30 aerial attacks
on civilians by GOS aircraft and helicopter gunships took place in June
2002.

On March 29, the GOS and SPLM formally agreed to protect civilians and
civilian facilities from military attack.  However, attacks against
civilians have continued and underscore the need for an independent
monitoring system, so that both the GOS and SPLM are held accountable for
their actions.


Insecurity

On July 29, a pro-GOS militia faction killed a Kenyan World Vision
employee following a nighttime attack on their compound in Waat, Upper
Nile.  Three World Vision colleagues, two Germans and a Kenyan, were
abducted for several days and released following negotiations by UN/OLS.
The Upper Nile region has experienced recent fighting between numerous
armed groups due to a lack of unified leadership in the region.

At a USAID-hosted donor meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, on July 29, the
international community demanded the immediate release of the three
abducted humanitarian workers and encouraged all parties to ensure the
safety and security of humanitarian personnel and programs in accordance
with international humanitarian law.


USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

In May 2001, President Bush named USAID Administrator Andrew S. Natsios as
Special Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan (SHCS).  The role of the
Special Humanitarian Coordinator includes increasing stability in war and
drought-affected areas, improving the delivery mechanisms of humanitarian
assistance, coordinating USG assistance, coordinating external relations
with other donors, and increasing attention on human rights abuses.
Administrator Natsios visited Sudan in late May 2002 to press the
government for increased humanitarian access, as well as monitor
development programs in southern Sudan.

On September 6, 2001, President Bush appointed former Senator John
Danforth to be the Special Envoy for Peace to Sudan.  Senator Danforth has
put forth a series of initiatives to test the seriousness of the main
combatants about peace, including sustained peace in the Nuba Mountains,
periods of tranquility for special humanitarian programs, the cessation of
GOS attacks on civilian and humanitarian targets, and the establishment of
a Sudan slavery and forced abduction commission.

USAID has identified programmatic priorities for the next six months,
until January 2003.  These priorities will include continuing programs in
the sectors of health, food security, education, and economic
revitalization; as well as new initiatives linked directly to the peace
process including improving humanitarian access to populations in need,
preparing the South for peace, and expanding programs that cross GOS-SPLM
front lines to reinforce local reconciliation.

USAID/OFDA, as well as USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP), provide
humanitarian assistance under the guidelines of the Integrated Strategic
Plan and outlined programmatic priorities.  The United States Department
of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of State's Bureau of Population,
Refugees, and Migration (State/PRM) provide additional USG humanitarian
assistance to Sudan.  USAID's Africa Bureau manages the development
portion of the Sudan Integrated Strategic Plan in opposition-held areas of
the country.  Planned levels in FY 2002 are $11.4 million in development
assistance and $5 million in Economic Support Funds.


U.S. GOVERNMENT HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO SUDAN

Agency
Implementing
Partner
Sector
Regions
Amount

FY 2002 (to date)

USAID(1)   $101,146,463
USAID/OFDA(2)   $37,777,885

Southern Sector Programs

ACROSS
Primary Health
Jonglei
$300,000

ACF
Nutrition Surveillance
Southern Sudan
$353,388

ADRA
Primary Health, Animal Health
Upper Nile
$997,129

ARC
Primary Health, Wat/San
Eastern Equatoria
$1,386,044

CARE
Food Security, Primary Health
Jonglei
$1,716,915

Carter Center
Primary Health
Southern Sudan
$1,000,000

Christian Aid
Non-Food Items
Upper Nile
$235,050

CMA
Primary Health
Upper Nile
$540,355

CONCERN
Food Security
Southern Sudan
$1,400,000

CONCERN
Livelihoods
Southern Sudan
$605,286

CRS
Primary Health, Food Security
Southern Sudan
$2,139,838

FAO
Food Security, Coordination
Southern Sudan
$750,000

GOAL
Primary Health
Bahr el Ghazal, Southern
Blue Nile
$1,410,427

IAS/MEDIC
Wat/San
Southern Sudan
$845,900

IRC
Primary Health, Livestock, Agriculture
Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile
$2,350,000

IRC/Tearfund
Food Security, Nutritional Surveillance, Health Education
Bahr el Ghazal
$321,939

MEDAIR
Food Security, Relief
Upper Nile
$535,000

NPA
Food Security, Peace Committee
Southern Sudan
$2,207,159

Samaritan's Purse
Food Aid, Agriculture
Southern Sudan
$1,401,066

SCF/UK
Food Security, Relief
Bahr El Ghazal, Upper Nile
$603,303

SCF/US
Primary Health
South Kordofan
$858,740

UNHABITAT
Infrastructure Improvement
Southern Sudan
$1,000,000

UNICEF
Multi-Sectoral
Southern Sudan
$2,500,000

World Vision
Non-Food Items
Upper Nile
$476,908

VSF/B
Animal Health
Bahr el Ghazal, Upper
Nile
$350,000

VSF/G
Animal Health
Bahr el Ghazal, Eastern Equatoria
$735,000
Northern Sector Programs

ACF
Primary Health
Bahr el Jebel, Bahr el Ghazal
$857,275

ADRA
Primary Health, Wat/San
White Nile
$709,591

CARE
Primary Health, Food Security
Khartoum, Darfur
$2,404,199

FAO
Livestock, Coordination
Jonglei
$400,000

GOAL
Primary Health
Upper Nile
$163,920

GOAL
Primary Health
Kassala
$345,116

IRC
Food Security
Southern Sudan
$209,937

IRC
Primary Health, Wat/San
Upper Nile
$495,792

MEDAIR
Primary Health
Western Darfur
$222,015

SCF/US
Multi-Sectoral
South Kordofan
$600,000

SCF/US
Primary Health, Wat/San, Agriculture
Southern Kordofan
$710,949

SCF/UK
Primary Health
Southern Darfur
$254,000

UNDP
Coordination
Southern Darfur
$250,000

UNICEF
Primary Health, Nutrition
Bahr el Ghazal
$367,200

UNOCHA
Security
Sudan
$302,524

UNOCHA
Coordination
Sudan
$250,000

WFP
Logistics
Sudan
$300,000


Administrative Support

USDA
Technical Assistance
Washington, D.C.
$400,000

USAID/ARO
Technical Assistance
Southern Sudan
$364,337

USAID/Khartoum
Technical Assistance
Khartoum
$666,583

USAID/Washington
Technical Assistance
Washington, D.C.
$485,000



USAID/FFP   $59,784,378

ADRA
1,810 MT of Title II emergency food
assistance
White Nile
$867,700

CRS
12,010 MT of Title II emergency food assistance
Eastern Equatoria
$10,215,500

NPA
6,140 MT of Title II emergency food assistance
Southern Sudan
$6,881,078

WFP
49,500 MT of Title II emergency food assistance
Sudan
$41,820,100



USDA/FAS	$38,900,000

WFP
43,000 MT of Section 416 (b) food assistance
Sudan
$38,900,000
State/ PRM3	$2,600,000

UNHCR
Refugee Operations
Sudan
$2,200,000

WFP
Refugee Operations
Sudan
$400,000

Total USG Humanitarian Assistance in FY 2002 (to date)	$139,062,263

(1) USAID funding figure includes international disaster assistance
funding provided by USAID/OFDA and USAID/FFP and does not reflect $11.4
million in development assistance funding and $5 million in Economic
Support Funds provided through USAID's Africa Bureau.

(2) USAID/OFDA funding indicates committed and/or obligated amounts as of
August 14, 2002.  Additional USG humanitarian assistance will be reported
as it becomes available.

(3) State/PRM figures include only Sudan-specific funding, and do not
include unearmarked funding for UNHCR and IFRC Africa programs.


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