OCHA Situation Report
Chad
28 August 2008


Source:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

Refugees and related humanitarian action
UNHCR activities for Sudanese refugees

Background

- In eastern Chad, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR), at the request of and in cooperation with the Chadian
Government, assists nearly 250,000 Sudanese refugees from the Darfur
region, hosted in twelve refugee camps. The United Nations refugee agency
established its presence in eastern Chad in 2003, and operates today a
head office in N'Djamena, a sub-office in Abeche, and six field offices in
Bahai, Farchana, Goz Beida, Guereda, Iriba, Koukou, as well as one antenna
office in Amleyouna, employing a total of approximately 50 international
and 200 national staff. The agency has agreements with 40 implementing
partners for its refugee and IDP programmes.

- The response programme of UNHCR for refugees is based on the principle
of ensuring their safety and dignity, thereby comprising four main
pillars: protection; socio-economic well-being; self-reliance through
income generation and development of skills; and promotion of
community-based approaches for coexistence with the host communities.

- Given the extremely volatile security situation in the east, which
already led to the temporary relocation of staff on several occasions, the
Sudanese refugee programme is carried out under very difficult conditions.
Severe logistical constraints add to the agency's challenges.

Latest inflow

- The latest major refugee influx occurred during the month of February
2008, when several areas of West Darfur were heavily affected by armed
conflict. Over 13,000 individuals fled to Chad's eastern town of Birak and
surrounding, approximately 60 km east of the town of Guereda.

- During March, UNHCR has transferred 5,357 of these newly arrived
refugees from Birak to the Kounoungou refugee camp, and approximately 200
refugees to the Mile refugee camp. Upon arrival, refugees had been
provided with shelter and non-food items (NFIs), including mats, blankets,
jerry cans, kitchen sets, anti-mosquito nets, and personal hygiene items.
Both refugee camps were equipped with additional water and sanitation
facilities to accommodate the new arrivals. Since their arrival in the
camps, refugees have had access to all the assistance and protection
programmes implemented by UNHCR's partners.

- Those refugees who chose to stay near the border continue receiving
protection and assistance, and will be re-offered relocation to the Mile
refugee camp after the rainy season. Protection monitoring missions also
aim to follow up on special needs for vulnerable individuals, including
separated children.

- Meanwhile, the newly arrived refugees as well as the local population in
Birak profit from community-based projects, including newly installed
water points. Such projects also assist Chadian communities, who received
the refugees generously, and shared with them whatever scarce resources
they had.

Specific protection programmes

- Through active collaboration with local and national authorities
(including traditional authorities), host communities, and the refugees
themselves, UNHCR and its partners are regularly carrying out capacity
building for the Chadian judiciary, with a view to enhancing rule of law,
traditional and modern justice systems, and helping build strong
foundations for protection activities that can be delivered by national
authorities. Mobile legal clinics have been established in refugee camps
in order to promote human rights, and to provide legal advice and support.

- Awareness sessions on how to prevent and respond to sexual and
gender-based violence (SGBV), as well as awareness campaigns on the
prevention of HIV/AIDS, are conducted by UNHCR together with national
authorities, and refugee committees comprising sheiks, women, youth,
teachers/parents associations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

- Child protection activities, being central to UNHCR's work, aim to
safeguard refugee children from harm. They include awareness and training
sessions to raise awareness on ethnically sensitive issues, including
domestic violence against children, child labour, early and forced
marriages, female genital mutilation (FGM), and recruitment of children.
Psycho-social support for traumatised and disabled children is being
provided in some refugee camps through UNHCR's implementing partners.

- In order to improve the status of women, UNHCR has established several
community centres in each refugee camp, to encourage women groups towards
empowerment, carry out literacy programmes and skills development, and
provide them with protected spaces where they carry out activities of
their choice.

- All refugee protection programmes are based on the agency's guidelines
on Age, Gender and Diversity Mainstreaming (AGDM). The latter invites
refugees and local communities to share their views and needs in terms of
age and gender.

Access to health care

- All refugees have access to primary health care within the camps.
Mortality is within normal levels, and disease control has significantly
improved.

Education programmes

- The UNHCR has established pre-school nurseries (for children aged three
to five years) in all of eastern Chad's refugee camps, with an average
attendance of 92% for boys and 83% for girls.

- A total of 80 camp-based primary schools are operational in the refugee
camps. An average of 80% of boys and 39% of girls are enrolled.

- The UNHCR is providing monetary incentives to 985 voluntary refugee
teachers, and providing them with school material. On average, one teacher
is looking after over 60 children per class.

- Due to funding shortages, secondary education is offered in only three
refugee camps. In October 2008, several pilot projects including distance
learning are due to also start in this domain.

- Literacy programmes for adults are offered in all twelve refugee camps.

Environment

- The mainly arid lands of eastern Chad pose significant environmental
challenges for the refugee programme, as firewood and water are extremely
scarce. Together with local authorities, UNHCR has limited collection of
dead wood to approved sites, and has engaged local contractors to collect
and supply it to the camps.

- Energy-efficient 'Save80' cookers as well as Solar cookers have been
distributed to one third of all refugee households, thereby reducing the
use of firewood.

- A total of 470,000 saplings (for fruit and shade trees) have been
planted during the past 1.5 years, and reforestation projects around
refugee camps are ongoing.

Water and Sanitation programmes

- Refugees are being encouraged in constructing their own family latrines,
in order to improve the average ratio of 30 persons per latrine in the
camps.

- An average of 12 litres of water per person per day is distributed to
the refugee community.

- In 2008, one of UNHCR's priorities will be to fine-tune and improve
existing water programmes and to find new solutions for water supply on
the longer term.

UNHCR activities for Central African refugees

- There are currently approximately 57,000 refugees from the Central
African Republic (CAR) in Chad, the vast majority of them being located in
five camps in the country's south.

- The UNHCR has a field presence in the towns of Danamadji and Gore.

- The latest influx of CAR refugees into Chad occurred between December
2007 and February 2008, after CAR armed opposition groups attacked
villages in northern CAR. It involved approximately 10,000 new arrivals.
In May 2008, UNHCR opened its most recent and fifth refugee camp, Moula,
near the town of Maro, to accommodate the new arrivals.

- While overall protection programmes are the same as in the east,
conditions in the affected areas are more conducive to self-reliance
activities. The UNHCR, in concert with its donors and partners, is working
to link humanitarian relief to development, for the benefit of the local
communities as well as the refugees. Refugees have access to farming, for
example, which promotes their food self-sufficiency. Agricultural,
vocational, and micro-credit initiatives are in place, in order to help
preserve the dignity of refugees in the area. Projects include health
clinics catering for refugees as well as for the host communities, the
promotion of local markets, and capacity building and support programmes
for local governance mechanisms.

UNICEF activities for Sudanese and Central African refugees

Child Protection

- In collaboration with its NGO partners, the United Nations Children Fund
(UNICEF) has established child-friendly spaces in all refugee camps, in
order to provide children with a protected location where they can
prosper, thanks to the promotion of their psycho-social wellbeing, and the
reestablishment of a sense of normality in their lives.

- A total of 65 child-wellbeing committees, 15 women committees, and 12
youth committees, have been established up to the present time, and a
protection network has been created in order to link those committees with
the humanitarian community. A total of 2,500 community workers, refugee
leaders, and police staff working in the camps, participated in 83
trainings on child protection.

- Child recruitment by belligerent parties is an increasingly serious
concern, especially in refugee camps in Chad's north-east. Enhanced
advocacy at political level against the recruitment of children, an act
that is qualified by the United Nations as one of the six worst child
rights violations, is urgently needed. Within the United Nations Country
Team task force on United Nations Security Council resolution 1612 on
children affected by armed conflict, UNICEF and its partners have
established a mechanism in order to ensure the timely exchange of
information in this domain, among all actors who work in the protection
sector.

Education

- The objectives of UNICEF's activities for refugees in the education
sector are to support the upgrading of capacities for teachers and
Parent-Teacher Associations, as well as the improvement of classroom
infrastructures and the availability of school material and textbooks. As
lead agency in the education sector, UNICEF works to ensure that technical
standards are respected in these regards. All activities are implemented
under the overall umbrella of the Chadian Ministry of Education.

Health

- The UNICEF is working to ensure access to quality health care for
mothers and children, through health centers which are managed by its NGO
partners in refugee camps. Supported activities include the vaccination of
children under the age of one year against common childhood diseases,
pre-natal and post-natal care for pregnant women, the training of local
health staff, and the distribution of impregnated anti-mosquito nets,
medication, and blankets. Throughout eastern Chad, UNICEF is supporting
the implementation of the Accelerated Strategy for Child Survival and
Development (ASCS).

Nutrition

- The UNICEF is providing therapeutic food and medication through
therapeutic feeding centers in refugee camps and IDP sites. In addition,
technical support and training of health agents and NGO staff are ensured.
Approximately 10,000 malnourished children under five years old have been
treated during 2007.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

- In the Oure Cassoni refugee camp, located in north-eastern Chad, where
UNICEF continues to ensure a response to the overall water and sanitation
needs of the population, UNICEF's main objective for 2008 is to provide
safe water access throughout the year to 30,000 refugees, in a way that
meets Sphere Project standards.

WFP activities for Sudanese and Central African refugees

- The World Food Programme (WFP) continues to assist over 240,000 Sudanese
refugees in eastern Chad, through monthly general food distributions.

- In the south, food rations are currently being provided to some 54,000
refugees from the Central African Republic (CAR) located in five refugee
camps in the Gore and Maro areas. An additional 16,000 CAR refugees
located in the Yaroungou refugee camp are supported through seed
protection programmes during the lean season (April to July), along with
the provision of food aid for vulnerable groups.

- General food distributions for refugees for the month of August have
been completed in all 12 refugee camps. In the south, distributions have
been completed in the Amboko, Dosseye, and Gondje refugee camps. Food
distributions in the Moula refugee camp, which are currently ongoing, did
not proceed as planned, due to heavy rains that temporarily blocked food
transport to the camp.

Non-refugees and related humanitarian action

Overview on internal displacement

- There are currently approximately 185,000 internally displaced persons
(IDPs) in Chad, the vast majority of them living in the east. The IDP
crisis started in December 2005, and worsened in the last quarter of 2006
due to deterioration in the security environment.

- The United Nations and NGOs working in Chad, and the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), work with the Chadian Government, in
order to provide vital assistance to IDPs in a timely manner. The United
Nations has furthermore conducted IDP profiling activities, in order to
identify the areas of origin of all IDPs, with a view to organizing return
operations once it is possible to do so.

- Waves of spontaneous returns have been observed in several parts of
eastern Chad, and humanitarian actors plan to conduct surveys in order to
collect quantitative data that can allow an assessment of needs and the
planning of appropriate response. The essential and challenging task for
humanitarian actors, in close cooperation with the Government, is to
create conditions for sustainable returns. For this purpose, a framework
for sustainable voluntary returns has been adopted in May 2008.

Common Services, Coordination, and Funding

Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)

- As of 28 August, the 2008 Humanitarian Appeal for Chad is funded at 53%.
The Appeal currently requests $ 315 million, for 90 humanitarian projects
proposed by 17 NGOs and nine United Nations entities. Some sectors are
well funded, such as food at 67%, and multi-sector activities for IDPs and
refugees at 54%. Some are poorly funded, such as education at 12%, while
the mine action sector, and the economic recovery and infrastructure
sector, received no funding.

- Contributors to this year's appeal include Canada, Denmark, the European
Commission, France, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Turkey, the
United Kingdom, and the United States of America. The Central Emergency
Response Fund (CERF) has also contributed $ 5.5 million to CAP projects.

- Humanitarian actors in Chad will meet in early September in order to
predict humanitarian needs and the requirements for the response for 2009,
with the aim to present to donors and to the public a new Humanitarian
Appeal for next year. The ICRC has its own independent funding system and
is therefore not included in the Appeal process.

Transport and logistics

- From 01 January to 25 August, the United Nations Humanitarian Air
Service (UNHAS) transported a total of 23,516 passengers and approximately
90 metric tonnes (MT) of humanitarian supplies, for over 70 humanitarian
organizations working in Chad. The service currently reaches N'Djamena and
nine locations in eastern Chad, as well as Gore and Moundou in the south,
and the Cameroonian capital Yaounde. The UNHAS is currently supporting its
sister operation in Niamey by coordinating fortnightly flights between
Niamey and Ndjamena operated by UNHAS Niger.

Education

Increased school attendance rates among local population and IDPs

- For the first time since the beginning of the current humanitarian
crisis, IDP children have completed a full school year programme, through
joint efforts of UNICEF in support of the Ministry of education, together
with its implementing partners Jesuit Refugee Services (JRS) and Premiere
Urgence (PU), in the departments of Assoungha, Dar Sila, and Ouara. The
same, however, has not happened in other parts of eastern Chad.

- Among IDPs in eastern Chad, the number of school-age children is
estimated at over 50,000, being 25% to 30% of the total IDP population.
The vast majority of these children has not been enrolled in school or has
not completed their school year, and needs to be provided with the
opportunity to continue their education.

- The UNICEF and its partners face and are currently addressing several
challenges: lack of teachers among IDPs (up to 95% of the IDP population
is estimated to be illiterate); the precarious nature of school
infrastructure; and shortages in school materials and equipment.

- The UNICEF is advocating with the Ministry of Education to recruit and
deploy teachers. Meanwhile, throughout the east, UNICEF is funding three
NGOs - JRS, PU, and SCF-UK - to work towards the strengthening of
teachers' capacities.

- Since the beginning of 2006, construction of 120 classrooms has been
completed in IDP sites, with construction of classrooms in Dogdore still
underway, under the leadership of UNICEF and through the employment of
local labour.

- The distribution of school supplies for the last school year
(2007/2008), provided by UNICEF, was completed in December 2007,
benefiting a total of more than 22,000 children in ten IDP sites
throughout the departments of Assoungha, Dar Sila, and Ouara. Each
establishment received equipment and furniture such as blackboards,
plastic mats, desks and chairs for teachers, as well as teaching and
learning materials including the "school in a box" and recreation kits.

- The UNICEF's major tasks as lead agency of the education sector are the
assessment of conditions in IDP sites and surrounding communities, and the
promotion of common standards for humanitarian assistance in the sector.
The aim is also to facilitate information knowledge, to understand
educational needs, and to promote a common work plan for all stakeholders.

Food Security and Livelihoods

Food assistance to internally displaced persons (IDPs)

- In mid-July, over 200,000 IDPs have been provided with seed protection
rations for 60 days. This aimed to support IDP self-reliance. The next IDP
distributions will resume after the rainy season, when roads are opened.

Food assistance to host communities

- Between January and July 2008, WFP distributed approximately 110 MT of
food commodities through the implementation of Food-for-work (FFW) and
Food-for-training (FFT) activities. The assistance targeted approximately
12,000 beneficiaries among the local populations in the areas where
Sudanese refugees and IDPs are located, especially in the departments of
Assoungha, Biltine, Dar Sila, Dar Tama, Djourf-Al-Amar, Ennedi, Kobe, and
Ouara.

- Food-for-work programmes are designed to help beneficiaries manage their
productive assets in a sustainable manner, thereby supporting their
incomes on the long term, as well as the local economies of the areas
concerned.

Livelihoods

- In the agricultural and food security domain, major challenges faced
include the limited availability of agricultural inputs, such as good
quality seeds, unstable access to natural resources such as water,
tensions and competition on resources between groups, weak technical means
and expertise among beneficiaries, and weak sustainable access to markets.
In addition to IDPs, approximately 700,000 members of the host communities
are affected by the crisis, and many of them need to

be further supported towards food security.

- Although approximately 90% of IDPs are farmers, most of them will not
crop this year, unless they are assisted. Food prices have increased
drastically recently, and this increases the risk of aggravation of food
insecurity in the region.

- In its response strategy to support farmers and herders, FAO and its
partners achieved the following as of mid-May, before the start of the
rainy season: seeds were distributed to 8,500 households out of 15,000
targeted for the year, and small ruminants were provided to 250 households
out of the 2,500 households targeted.

Health

- Between 08 and 11 August, a supplementary vaccination campaign against
poliomyelitis (type 3) was organized with technical and financial support
from UNICEF in the regions of Ouaddai and Wadi Fira, where four cases of
the virus have been registered since January. Data analysis is currently
underway.

- Between 11 and 15 August, an anti-tetanus vaccination campaign covered
over 6,800 women at risk in the area of Dogdore, where five cases of
tetanus had been recorded since the beginning of 2008. The UNICEF provided
19,000 doses of vaccine.

Mine Action

- Awareness campaigns on child trafficking have been carried out in IDP
sites. More work is due to be done in this domain in the coming months.
Mine risk awareness materials have been disseminated, and messages on
prevention targeting children and adults have been transmitted. According
to UNICEF, at least three children have been killed and 19 seriously
wounded while touching explosive devices, between February 2007 and
February 2008.

Nutrition

Overview

- Monitoring of nutrition activities carried out by UNICEF at the end of
the first quarter of 2008 at IDP sites throughout the Dar Sila department
shows that nutrition programmes are functional. The number of new cases of
malnutrition continues to decrease, according to preliminary findings of a
monthly monitoring exercise carried out by UNICEF. After 378 new cases of
acute severe malnutrition in May, 215 children have been admitted to
nutritional health facilities during the month of June. Recovery rates are
close to 10%. Final preparations are underway by UNICEF and Action Contre
la Faim (ACF) for a global nutrition assessment that will start in
September and will cover all IDP sites.

- The latest data available regarding the nutritional status of children
aged between six and 59 months among IDPs stems from a survey carried out
in June 2007. This survey covers IDPs and host population in the following
regions: Batha, Guera, Kanem and Ouaddai. The survey shows that in IDP
sites, the Global Acute Malnutrition rate is 21.4%, with a severe acute
malnutrition rate of 2.6%.

- The overall nutritional status is very unstable, particularly in the
context of Chad, which is characterised by scarceness of natural resources
and insecurity. It is therefore essential to have regular data updates on
the nutritional situation. The nutrition cluster will shortly undertake a
nutritional survey at IDPs sites.

Activities in eastern Chad

- The UNICEF continues to procure F-100 and F-75 milk for therapeutic
feeding for IDP sites of eastern Chad. In addition, it provides NGO
partners with vaccines, Vitamin A, de-worming drugs, cold chains, medical
kits, impregnated anti-mosquito nets, and blankets.

- High-energy biscuits are regularly delivered to each newly arrived IDP
in eastern Chad, providing approximately 1,000 kcal per person per day,
for the first two days.

- As cluster lead for the nutrition sector, UNICEF is spearheading
monitoring of nutrition activities, and working to strengthen the
capacities of cluster members, including through the provision of training
on software for nutritional monitoring. The overall aim of these efforts
is to achieve a more systematic and regular analysis of the nutritional
situation in IDP sites.

- The UNICEF regularly supplies its NGO partners with medical supplies and
equipment, as well as therapeutic food, in order to respond to cases of
severe malnutrition in IDP sites as well as in refugee camps in eastern
Chad.

- Since the launch of the cluster approach in mid-2007, UNICEF, as leader
of the nutrition sector's cluster, has been spearheading efforts to
enhance the technical knowledge of partners, and to promote the
harmonisation of data collection throughout eastern Chad. Gradually, these
efforts are starting to show positive results.

Protection

Monitoring and profiling activities

- In order to ensure that all partners involved have a good understanding
of the situation of internal displacement (statistical data as well as
general profile of the IDPs concerned), UNHCR in cooperation with UNFPA
embarked on a major profiling exercise in April and May 2007. The results
were reflected in a comprehensive report, which was finalised in October
2007. The challenge for 2008 consists on keeping the database updated, and
to cover some of the groups of IDPs who were not covered by the 2007
exercise. In March 2008, a general head counting has taken place in the
Dogdore IDP site (covering 28,000 IDPs) and preparative activities are
underway to cover the Goz Beida and Koukou IDP sites.

- The UNICEF's operational partners for SGBV provided training on life
skills, and psycho-social support, through women groups in the areas of
Goz Beida and Iriba. Women have been empowered to prevent SGBV and to help
survivors.

Child protection

- The UNICEF is working towards the widespread availability of protection
services that prevent and respond to violence, exploitation and abuse of
children and women in IDP sites, refugee camps, and local villages.
Activities comprise the consolidation of child-friendly spaces, the
building of capacities within grassroots-level organizations and NGOs, the
training of community-based child-friendly spaces animators, traditional
leaders, and military, on child right issues. Awareness campaigns on the
dangers posed by unexploded ordnance (UXO) are also conducted.

- In cooperation with its NGO partners, UNICEF has established 72
child-friendly spaces in refugee camps, IDP sites, and surrounding host
communities, benefiting approximately 10,000 young individuals.

- As leader of the sub-cluster for child protection, UNICEF is promoting
the harmonisation of data collection and programme design, and is also
facilitating inter-organizational collaboration. At the end of 2007, a
list of common indicators and templates has been introduced for use by
United Nations and NGO actors, as a first step towards the monitoring of
the six worst child right violations contained in United Nations Security
Council resolution 1612.

- Since the signature of an agreement between the Government of Chad and
UNICEF in May 2007, and the visit of the Special Representative of the
Secretary General of the United Nations for Children and Armed Conflict
(SRSG-CAAC) in May 2008, both of which highlighted the Government's
commitment to ban the recruitment of children, 534 children formerly
associated with armed forces or groups have been demobilised.
Approximately 60% of them have already been reintegrated into their
communities of origin, while the remainder are now in Transit and
Orientation Centres managed by UNICEF's NGO partners.

Site management, Shelter, and Non-Food Items (NFIs)

- The UNHCR is responsible for site management in Chad, in areas where
United Nations agencies and/or their partners work. This includes updates
on site facilities, and the collection of statistical data.

Water and Sanitation

Water supply

- In the Dar Sila department, Sphere Project standards for the provision
of clean water (fixed at 15 litres of water per person per day) have been
reached, and have been exceeded in 70% of the IDP sites. However, in the
sites of Kerfi and Koloma, the level of access to drinking water is
respectively at 9.1 litres per person per day, and 8.8 litres per person
per day. In the Assoungha department, limited access to drinking water is
of particular concern in the IDP sites of Adre (8.6 litres per person per
day), Arkoum, Goundiang (3.6 litres per person per day), Goungour (1.4
litres per person per day) and Goz Bagar (5.6 litres per person per day).

- Since the beginning of the year, UNICEF and its partners have been
working towards the objective of providing continued access to safe water
to 200,000 people. In spite of the constraints and the difficulties met,
humanitarian actors working in the sector achieved significant results, in
terms of the provision of drinking water for IDPs and host populations.

Sanitation

- Sphere Project standards are almost reached in 50% of the IDP sites,
with a ratio of 20 persons per latrine. The sites closest to the standards
are those of Arabid, Gassire, Gourounkoun, Koloma, and Koubigou. The
situation is of particular concern, however, in some IDP sites in the Dar
Sila department (Dogdore, Habile and Koukou) and in the Assoungha
department. In the sites of Abdi, Adre, Alacha, Arkoum, Gongour, and Goz
Bagar, the average ratio is of 40 persons per latrine.

- Regarding the provision of sanitation facilities, the target for which
was 120,000 IDPs, 70,000 have been reached. The UNICEF and its partners
have implemented school hygiene education programme in 10% of schools.

If you have inputs for the next edition, or questions and comments on this
one, please contact:

Maurizio Giuliano
Public Information Officer, United Nations, Chad
Email: giuliano@un.org
Tel: +235-6053892

Katy Thiam
Associate Reporting Officer, United Nations,
Chad
Email: thiamk@un.org
Tel: +235-6201542

For information specific to the following sectors, you may also contact:

Activities for Refugees, Emergency Shelter and
Non-Food Items (NFIs), Protection:
Annette Rehrl, Spokesperson
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR), Chad
Email: rehrl@unhcr.org
Tel: +235-6385195

Agriculture and Livelihoods:
Fran=E7ois Mbaidedji, Information Resources Clerk,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), Chad
Email: francois.mbaidedji@undp.org
Tel: +235-6304481

Education, Nutrition, Water and Sanitation:
Cornelia Walther, Communication Officer, United
Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)
Email: cwalther@unicef.org
Tel: +235-6182722

Food Security:
Djaounsede Pardon Madjiangar, Reports Officer,
World Food Programme (WFP),Chad
Email: Djaounsede.Madjiangar@wfp.org
Tel: +235- 627 54 24

Health:
Jonas Naissem, Information Officer, World Health
Organization (WHO)
Email: naissemj@td.afro.who.int
Tel: +235-6294720

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